China treats data as a factor of production, a national economic resource on par with land, labour, capital, and technology. This approach is producing a data governance framework that is structurally different from those in the European Union and the United States.
Overview
The European Union treats data as a privacy right, while the United States treats it as a corporate asset. China's framework, on the other hand, prioritizes economic utility and state security over individual rights. The country has established a